The Value of a Heritage Assessment for Health Promotion of...

The United States is a country of diversity represented by many different cultures. It has been proven that culture has a significant impact on health beliefs and behaviors (Edelman, et al, 2014), therefore it is imperative that health care providers, especially nurses, be culturally competent in their delivery of care. It is not enough to merely be aware of the prominent origins and statistics of different cultures and ethnicities, but rather it is crucial to be inquisitive and focus on the family and individual as practices differ and evolve over time. Rachel Spector developed a Heritage Assessment interview as a useful tool to aid in understanding how strongly an individual or family subscribes to specific cultural traditions and†¦show more content†¦Both her parents were born in this country and English is the primary language. Utilizing the heritage assessment tool, one can deduce that she has a relatively strong identification with traditional heritage. Although s he is not in contact with her grandparents, she has a strong base of nuclear family support and asserts that the family will always seek family guidance and support before making critical decisions, including those about health care. Her family mostly utilizes traditional Western remedies rather than natural or herbal remedies, however preventive care is not often sought until an illness or symptoms become more intense. Prayer and religious practice are very important to this family and regarded as crucial for positive health outcomes and recovery. The interviewee asserts that she and her family often seek religious counsel and active Bible reading in times of distress. In this family, traditional foods are often prepared including largely fried foods, potatoes, and minimal vegetables. This correlates with many African-American cooking traditions of overcooking greens and frying foods (Gardner, 2012). According to the interviewee, most members of this family do not actively se ek preventive care unless there is a more severe problem. This correlates with other studies regarding health behaviors of this culture. Whether it is due to mistrust or discrimination, African Americans do not always access medical care in a timely, preventive orientedShow MoreRelatedHeritage Assessment Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage Assessment Cultural heritage plays a big role in the economic, social and health promotion of the individual. The use of heritage assessment tools helps healthcare providers evaluate and look at someone’s heritage, as well as traditional health methods used to maintain health, protect health, and restore health; by applying these concepts it helps healthcare professionals deal with a person’s physical, mental, and spiritual beliefs. Different cultures have different values and beliefsRead MoreHeritage Assessment1246 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage assessment Danielle Sumner Grand Canyon University Heritage assessment Introduction The Heritage Assessment Tool can be adopted as a dependable tool to gauge, health maintenance, restoration and safeguard of personal, cultural beliefs. The adoption of health assessment tool helps meet the prerequisites of diverse patient populations to offer quality all-inclusive care. The following paper reviews the assessment of three culturally dissimilar families, and demonstrate how a nurse wouldRead MoreHeritage Assessment968 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Angel S. Winnie Grand Canyon University: NRS429V May 17, 2013 Heritage Assessment The heritage assessment tool is a checklist used by professionals to gain knowledge of patient’s culture and beliefs prior to initiating care. (Spector, 2000). There are many different cultures in this country, brining different beliefs in health, illness, recovery, death, and life. The heritage assessment tool is an important measure towards better understanding of cultural competency,Read MoreCulture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion1674 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: CULTURE AND CULTURAL COMPETENCY IN HEALTH PROMOTIO Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V Renita Holmes May 17, 2012 Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion In nursing school, nurses are trained to value and understand individuals from many different cultures, maintaining the rights and dignity of each individual. In today’s society, nurses are responsible for interacting and caring for individualsRead MoreUnderstanding and Applying the Heritage Assessment tool1563 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Heritage Assessment tool Dana Eldridge Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V November 10, 2013 Heritage Assessment Understanding and Applying the Heritage Assessment tool Nurses have to be culturally competent, they need to assess their individual values and beliefs about health and health care; otherwise, nurses might assume that all cultures share western premises and values. In order to be considerate to an individual, nurses must remember that beliefs and values influenceRead MoreHeritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of Different Cultures and Individual Views of Health1326 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: HERITAGE ASSESSMENT TOOL: EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT Heritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of Different Cultures and Individual Views of Health Micaela Simon Grand Canyon University Family-Centered Health Promotion 429V Melanie Escobar RN MSN August 31, 2012 Heritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of different Cultures and Individual Views of Health The Heritage Assessment Tool can be used as as a reliable tool to assess, health maintenance, protection and restoration of individualRead MoreEssay about Heritage Assessment981 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Introduction Over the past 20 years a significant social movement in America has amplified public awareness toward the promotion of health and disease prevention, known as Healthy People 2000 and 2010. It has been beneficial in changing the focus of health care from a reactive standpoint to a proactive one, which endorses national health and prevention of disease (Edelmam Mandle, 2010). However delivery of health care objectives is not enough. Health providers must recognizeRead MoreThe Heritage Assessment Tool: a Cultural View of the Patient1121 Words   |  5 PagesTHE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT TOOL: A CULTURAL VIEW OF THE PATIENT The Heritage Assessment Tool: A Cultural View of the Patient Grand Canyon University: 439v March 11, 2012 The Heritage Assessment Tool: A Cultural View of the Patient The Heritage Assessment Tool is a series of 29 questions designed to determine a patient’s ethnic, cultural, and religious background. The tool gives nurses an understanding of the patient’s traditional health and illness beliefs andRead MoreEssay about Heritage Assessment1623 Words   |  7 Pagesgeographical boundaries. Every culture has values and beliefs which reflects cultural and social influences, relationships, and personal needs in an individual. Health cultural values â€Å"shape human behaviors and determine what individuals will do to maintain their health status, how they will care for themselves, and others who become ill, and where and from whom they will seek health care† (Edelman Mandle, 2010). Transcultural nursing is a practice to transform health care and help people of diverse culturesRead MoreCommon Health Traditions Based On Cultural Heritage1137 Words   |  5 Pages Common Health Traditions Based on Cultural Heritage Grand Canyon University Maylen Rodriguez NRS-429V-0104 Family Center Health Promotion September 21, 2014 Common Health Traditions Based on Cultural Heritage In order to understand heritage and apply the Heritage Assessment Tool, one most know. What is heritage? According to the UMASS Amherst Center for Heritage Society â€Å"Heritage is the full range of our inherited traditions, monuments, objects, and culture

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Equity Finance Essay

Equity finance Advantages and disadvantages of equity finance Equity finance can sometimes be more appropriate than other sources of finance, eg bank loans, but it can place different demands on the Company and its business.. The main advantages of equity finance are: 1. The funding is committed to our business and our intended projects. Investors only realise their investment if the business is doing well, eg through stock market flotation or a sale to new investors. 2. We will not have to keep up with costs of servicing bank loans or debt finance, allowing us to use the capital for business activities. 3. Outside investors expect the business to deliver value, helping us explore and execute growth ideas. 4. The right selection additional investors in India can bring valuable skills, contacts and experience to our business. They can also assist with strategy and key decision making. 5. In common with us, investors have a vested interest in the business success, ie its growth, profitability and increase in value. 6. Investors are often prepared to provide follow-up funding as the business grows. The principal disadvantages of equity finance are: 1. Raising equity finance is demanding, costly and time consuming, and may take management focus away from the core business activities. 2. Potential investors will seek comprehensive background information on the Company and our business. They will look carefully at past results and forecasts and will probe the management team.Show MoreRelatedDifferent Opportunities For Sourcing Capital For The New Venture / Benefits And Dis Benefits Of Each Funding Source Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagesin exploring these options. Generally, foreign investors raise fund for their direct investment or acquisition in India from sources outside India, and then inject the funds into India as: †¢ Equity financing †¢ Debt financing †¢ Mixed financing (A combination of Equity and Debt financings) Equity financing: Equity financing from overseas investors is one way of raising funds for Indian subsidiaries. Usually, a Foreign Invested Enterprise (FIE) will convert the injected capital into INR (Indian Rupee)Read MoreSources of Finance972 Words   |  4 PagesSources of finance What are the main sources and finance for UK firms and why? All firms need some kind of financing. Access to finance may differ considerably from firm to firm depending on what type of business they are and how big/known they are; Sole Trader, Public Limited or Private Limited Company. There are both INTERNAL and EXTERNAL sources of finance. Finance can be short, medium or long term. Internal sources of Finance: 2 main types 1) Funds from the owner(s) and the familyRead Moresources of finance1286 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sources of finance Some sources of finance are short term and must be paid back within a year. Other sources of finance are long term and can be paid back over many years. Internal sources of finance are funds found inside the business. For example, profits can be kept back to finance expansion. Alternatively the business can sell assets that are no longer really needed to free up cash. External sources of finance are found outside the business. For example from creditors or banks. InternalRead MoreManaging Financial Resources and Decisions1280 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment Brief Unit 2 Managing Financial Resources and Decisions P.1. Identify short term, medium term and long term sources of finance available to Blue Orange Solutions. Long Term âÅ"“ Loans âÅ"“ Debentures âÅ"“ Bank loans (mortgage) âÅ"“ Merchant or Investment Banks Short / Medium Term âÅ"“ Bank loans âÅ"“ Overdraft facilities âÅ"“ Trade credit âÅ"“ Leasing 1. Business Angels Read MoreBusiness Financing And The Capital Structure879 Words   |  4 Pagesand the capital Structure Every business organization strives at expanding. However, expansion requires financial resources. There are two forms of financial resources namely debt and equity. What type of advice would a financial advisor by able to provide to their client. Discuss the advantages and disadvantage of each type of capital raising technique. What information could you provide your client on choosing an investment banker? What are the historical relationships between risk and rewardRead MoreBusinesses keep a close eye on the money they make and the bills they owe. Anything that is not paid immediately is financed. Critically discuss the d1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Finance of a business means that the business raises funds to run its activities. It is an essential part of running a business because without business finance, the business will not be able to develop, grow and even start. In addition, business finance keeps cash flowing. Businesses usually raise funds from the shareholders, long-term and short-term sources. There are risks on every decisions that investors make to finance a business as no one knows how will it goes in the futureRead MoreProject Finance1543 Words   |  7 Pages1. How should PDVSA finance the development of the Orinoco Basin? Can you define project finance? Is Petrozuata a project? What are the costs and benefits of using project finance instead of the traditional (debt) finance – as Mr. Bustillos said, PDVSA could have finance the debt internally (p.7 of the case)? Project finance is a kind of Financing that has a priority does not depend on the creditworthiness of the sponsors proposing the business idea to launch the project. Approval does not evenRead MoreTui Mod 4 Case937 Words   |  4 Pages1) Based on the readings of the Module, and upon reviewing total debt/equity ratios, company betas, profitability ratios, company revenue, assets, and liabilities, and the nature of the operations of the companies including the nature of their customers and products, what would you recommend should the capital structure (total liabilities or debt and equity proportions) be for each of the three companies? I don’t know how to even answer this question and it makes me frustrated. 2) In your reportRead MoreObtaining Capital For Expansion Into New Markets904 Words   |  4 Pagescompany chooses to obtain these funds depends upon the short-term versus long-term financing strategies of the company. As a finance manager for a Fortune 500 company, the plan is to borrow approximately $100 million within the next year, and the manager must present to the board the best option for this large financing. By evaluating the different types of funding options, the finance manager can make the best informed decision for this capital funding. It is ideal for a company to maximize the totalRead MoreAngie Watts 1 Essay examples1258 Words   |  6 Pagesis the cost of new equity for the firm? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this type of financing for the firm? Cash Flow D= expected dividend per share P= current market price of share += expected growth rate in dividend (2.50*1.06)/ (50*90%) +.06= 11.89% Advantages Equity Financing: Debt financing

Effective Business Communication Cultures

Question: Discuss about the Effective Business Communication Cultures. Answer: Introduction: In the cotemporary world of rising globalization, the business organizations have been experiencing an immense issue to communicate with the people from different cultures. As the culture is a major conditioner of the human perspectives, any individual from different culture inherits different ways of interpretation, hearing, seeing as well as thinking. In addition to that, there are numbers of different languages, which poses greater problem for mutual communication between two individuals from different culture. The communication model play a significant role in resolving these issues rose from cultural differences. Lewis Model has been highly popular in maintaining organizational stability and growth in multicultural context. The current report will reveal the role of Lewis model in resolving communication issues from cultural differences. Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication: The extensive study on the cultural problem with regards to communication has revealed that there are three major constraints, which interfere with effective cross-cultural understanding. These constraints are cognitive constraints, behaviour constraints as well as emotional constraints (Kinloch Metge, 2014). The cognitive constraints refer to the framework, every culture provides, by which an individual discern every information of the real world. For example, low voice can be interpreted as weakness in various cultures, whereas in other culture it can be interpreted as politeness (Ulijn, 2017). At the same time, behaviour constraints refer to the rules of standard behaviour set by different culture (Bochner, 2013). For instance, the hugging can be considered as camaraderie in one culture, while in others it can be considered as violation of personal space. On the other hand, the emotional constraints are known by different levels of emotional display in different culture. Some cul tures express greater level of emotion while debating an issue, while other try to exhibit rational aspects of the situation. All of these constraints immensely hinder the effective communication by creating a number of interferences (Asante, Miike Yin, 2013). One of the most important barriers noted in the communication is language barriers. The practice of different language in different culture creates greater chance of misunderstanding at the time of communication. Sometimes, certain culture holds assumptions regarding any particular trait of other cultures. These stereotypes often noted as being hostile, and creates multitude of problems during the communication (Adler Graham, 2017). The practice of different belief system also creates unnecessary image of others. Lewis Model: British linguist Richard Lewis has been able to plot the world cultures on a chart. The scholars of the cultural study believe that the model of Lewis has been quite effective to identify the distinct traits of various cultures (Rice Nguyen, 2015). The Lewis model plots the countries on three categories, which are linear active, multi-active as well as reactive. The traits of these categories are described below: Linear active: This category signifies the people who pursue action chain, organize, schedule and plan. The group includes German and Swiss. Multi-active: This particular category reveals the lively, loquacious people, which include Arabs, Latin Americans as well as Italians. Figure 1: Lewis Model of Culture (Source: Ronen Shenkar, 2013) Reactive: This category involves the people who emphasize on the courtesy and respect. This group includes Finns, Japanese as well as Chinese. The behaviours of these categories are mentioned in the following table. Linear-Active Multi-Active Reactive Talks very limited time Talks maximum time Listen maximum time Performs one task at a time Performs several tasks at a time Depends on the action of the Partners Focus on strict planning Focus on brief outline Emphasize on principles Direct but polite Emotional Polite and indirect Role of Lewis model in resolving communication issues: According to Lewis, an individual can calculate and foresee the possible reaction of others by focusing on their cultural roots of national behaviour (Stahl Tung, 2015). The cultural roots would be also effective for making any assumption with regards to their possible approach in any situation. The implementation of the Lewis model immensely improves the accuracy of management in the global world (Ferraro Brody, 2015). It has been identified that every cross cultural communication needs a certain degree of knowledge about the partners cultures. It has been observed that most of the time, misunderstanding occurs due to misunderstanding of different cultural traits. The Lewis model effectively provides a greater opportunity to understand the traits in different culture. The model provides a greater insight to the organization in the context of making any move in different cultural environment. The organization can evaluate the moves in the light of Lewis model (Edwards, Davey Armst rong, 2013). This way they would be able to assume the reaction of general populace. The business communication is also greatly supported by this model. The organization attains a proper understanding of the customer base and plans their business approach with greater success. In addition to that, Lewis Model is also quite effective in the context of negotiation. The management would be able to plan their way out quite efficiently as they would be successfully assume the opponents approach. In other words, the Lewis Model has the capability to enhance the cross cultural communication, whether it is one to one interactive communication or the business communication with target audiences. Conclusion: The above-described report has successfully disclosed the cross-cultural issues in the context of communication. It has been identified that there are three major constraints, which interfere with effective cross-cultural understanding. These constraints are cognitive constraints, behaviour constraints as well as emotional constraints. The report has been also able to describe the Lewis model which would be most effective for cross cultural communication. The Lewis model plots the countries on three categories, which are linear active, multi-active as well as reactive. The report has been successful to depict the traits of individual category. The report also discussed the role of Lewis model in cross cultural communication. References: Adler, N. J., Graham, J. L. (2017). Cross-cultural Interaction: The International Comparison Fallacy?. In Language in International Business (pp. 33-58). Springer International Publishing. Asante, M. K., Miike, Y., Yin, J. (2013). The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. Bochner, S. (Ed.). (2013). Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction (Vol. 1). Elsevier. Edwards, J. R., Davey, J., Armstrong, K. (2013). Returning to the roots of culture: A review and re-conceptualisation of safety culture. Safety science, 55, 70-80. Ferraro, G., Brody, E. K. (2015). Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Kinloch, P., Metge, J. (2014). Talking past each other: Problems of cross cultural communication. Victoria University Press. Rice, W. S., Nguyen, H. B. (2015). Linguistic politeness: the backbone of cross-cultural communication within a second language environment. Ronen, S., Shenkar, O. (2013). Mapping world cultures: Cluster formation, sources and implications. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(9), 867-897. Stahl, G. K., Tung, R. L. (2015). Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(4), 391-414. Ulijn, J. M. (2017). The Anglo-Germanic and Latin concepts of politeness and time in cross-atlantic business communication: from cultural misunderstanding to management success. HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 8(15), 53-79.

Strength of Popular Holdings Berhad free essay sample

For Popular Holdings Berhad, as the one of the biggest book store and provider in Malaysia, they basically need to exercise the SWOT analysis in order to stay strong in the market with nowadays there are a lot of book stores all around the country. Strength The strength for Popular holdings Berhad are the core values of the company which is the people, objectivity of the company, the product, unity created in the organization, the leadership style used, and the reward amp; recognition won. According to the first core value of Popular, people are their customers, they are their greatest asset. This is because, Popular bookstore is functioning as provider and supplier of books to the people. According in their website, people are their customers, the reason of their existence. People are their employees, their greatest asset. Without the people needs and interest, their business will never gain any profit. We will write a custom essay sample on Strength of Popular Holdings Berhad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides that, the second core value of Popular is their objective of work. They implement the approach that work positively through pro-active participation and open communication. The employees were given the opportunities to get involved in the decision making and problem solving. The third core value of Popular Holdings Berhad is provides their customers quality product at a reasonable price. With this, Popular can persuade a lot of customers especially students and as the result they can create loyal customers. The fourth value says that Popular respect their people and promote teamwork. Unity is the most important value in all organization because with it all work and goals can be achieved successfully. Leading with commitment, integrity and competence is the fifth core value of Popular. The six values will be striving for excellence, fostering a quality culture in our company. Lastly Popular encourage, recognize and reward their

Poetry Tattoo by Gregg Shapiro Flashcard

Poetry: Tattoo by Gregg Shapiro

Paralinguistic Cues in Computer

Paralinguistic Cues in Computer Abstract Computer based communication is an integral communication modality within the social, educational and professional environments. However, when using text-based CMC, it is common for people to form prejudice impressions about the personality traits of another individual.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Paralinguistic Cues in Computer-Mediated Communications in Personality Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This experiment investigated the effect of the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues in computer-mediated communications on personality traits. The findings suggest that the impressions formed about a personality trait of an individual rely on the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues during interaction. Introduction Computer based communication has become more popular and vary greatly with the ways in which individuals communicate within social, educational and professional environments. Th e differences not only lie in the surrounding environment, but also in the method of communication (Storms, Grottum Lycke, 2007). Communication entails both verbal and non-verbal aspects. While verbal communication involves exchange of words between individuals, non-verbal communication takes in different forms (Walther, Deandrea Tong, 2010). Computer-mediated communications (CMC) refers to the communicative transaction involving the use of computers and communicative networks. The scope of computer mediated communications cuts across sociopsychological elements, particularly the topic on online interactions and their relations to everyday life, and to the application of paralinguistic aspects like emoticons (Storms, Grottum Lycke, 2007).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Paralinguistic cues play a significant role in human speech communication. A lot of studies have been carried out in attempts to elucidate how the use of paralinguistic features such as body language, facial expression and posture affect the level of communication (Amant, 2007). It is common for human beings to form prejudices about others even before speaking to them when socializing on a face-to-face basis. These preconceptions are often based on paralinguistic cues like gestures and appearance (Epley Kruger, 2005). However, in the computer-mediated communications, these impressions would only be formed based on text message interactions. According to DeLamater and Myers (2007), the accuracy of communication is greatly enhanced by the use of multiple cues, as opposed to a single communication channel. Computer-mediated communication features such as lack of social context cues often make this form of communication less personal (Holland, 2008). There is need to gain more insight on how the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues affects the expectations or preconceptions that people form of each other in CMC interactions. Various theories have been proposed in attempts to explain the role of paralinguistic cues in influence the stereotypes and expectancies over computer-mediated communication. Some of these theories include the social context cues theory and the social information processing theory.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Paralinguistic Cues in Computer-Mediated Communications in Personality Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social context cues theory proposes that the absence of paralinguistic cues in CMC makes it highly ambiguous (Epley Kruger, 2005). As a result, people depend on their personal stereotypes to make preconceptions about the other person’s character. CMC, thus, allows the persistence of expectancies or stereotypes due to the absence of paralinguistic cues ordinarily the question then (Holland, 2008). A highly standardized experiment was perfor med by Epley and Kruger (2005) to investigate impressions on different communication channels and the resultant stereotypes and expectancies. The researchers performed three experiments, whereby they moderated the participant’s anticipations regarding the interviewee. The interviews were done either on phone or e-mail. Phone communication was found to confer features reminiscent of face-to-face interaction, even though the conversations relied on simple, preset questions and rapid responses. In contrast, communication through e-mail conferred no actual interactions between the parties, though the answers the interviewees gave were similar to those from phone communication. The results indicated that the preformed notions about the interviewee persisted more over e-mail than over the phone (Epley Kruger, 2005). Conversely, the social information processing theory suggests that potential deficiencies of CMC are indemnified by the use of text based non-verbal cues like ‘L aughing Out Loud’ (LOL) and ‘mhhh’. The usage of emoticons in CMC provides an emotional setting to users (Walther D’Addario, 2001).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More CMC users can, thus, express socios of the responses from a target were â€Å"DEFINITELY at the beach. †¦..: D, LOL†¦..sure thing:), yep. Just be warned†¦dun dunduuuuuun! Extraversion ratings were on a scale of 1-7, depending on the responses of the participants. The responses to the questions had seven options to choose from. To measure the personality, the extraversion scale was utilized whereby individuals with introvert personality would have a score of 20 to 80 while those having an extrovert personality would have a score range of between 80 and 140. Procedure The sample was divided into three groups A, B, and C who observed a CMC interaction. Group A was the paralinguistic cues group with 120 men and 342 women (M=20.7 years, SD=5.3). Group B was the plain text group with 125 men and 308 women (M=21.2 years, SD=5.4). Group C was the control group with 131 men and 329 women (M=20.9 years, SD=5.1). The total sample had 1355 participants (M=20.9, SD=5.23). Conveni ence sampling was adopted as this study was part of the course requirement. Initially, the participants were naà ¯ve regarding the true nature of the study. However, they were debriefed and instructed online as to the intent and procedure. The participants were directed to observe a past CMC activity. A profile stimulating the expectation in participants that the target individual was introverted was designed. Participants looked at this profile, and then observed the target individual communicating with an uncontrolled third party. Participants were then divided into two groups. One group looked at the basic text interaction while the other looked at a realistic paralinguistic communication with many cues hinting that the target was an extrovert. The text used for the interactions was made from a real paralinguistic interaction from which all cues were removed to produce a basic text interaction. Therefore, the conversations had identical contents apart from the paralinguistic int roduced. The major aim was to establish if paralinguistic information in CMC provided enough evidence to clear the preformed ideas that the target was an introvert. Design The study used an independent measure design. There were two levels of independent variable conditions used. These were the group with the basic text interaction and the group with the paralinguistic interaction. The dependent variable was the extroversion rating. Results The participants were asked questions, which they were to respond to from the given options such as strongly disagree, disagree, somewhat disagree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat agree, agree, and strongly agree. From the 20 questions posed to the participants, responses were measured on an extraversion scale of 1-7, with the highest possible personality score being 140 and the lowest being 20. The higher the score, the more the extraverted rating an individual was given. It was predicted that presence or absence of paralinguistic cues woul d not influence the extroversion ratings when considering the social cues theory. In relation to the social information processing theory, it was also predicted that the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues would influence extroversion ratings. Group A, which had participants observing a CMC interaction for paralinguistic cues, rated the targets as extrovert (M=91.74, SD=37.42) while group B, with participants observing plain text interaction, rated the targets as introvert (M=79.84, SD=29.08). Group C, which was the control, indicated that the targets were introverts (M=72.16, SD=29.08). Discussion The results indicate that the presence of paralinguistic cues in computer-mediated communication can influence the impressions formed about the personality traits of an individual. In group A, the participants rated the target as highly extrovert in spite of the fact that the targets were presented as introverts. The findings further advance the social information processing theory which emphasizes more on the style of communication as an important aspect of impression formation. Use of non-verbal, text based cues such as emoticons, ellipses and hyphens can help in deciphering the personality trait of a person in a CMC interaction (Hancock Dunham, 2001; Walther, Deandrea Tong, 2010). In group B, most participants used their preformed concepts to rate the target as being introvert. This is because plain texts may often undermine the impressions about the personality traits as a result of the inadequate information it relays. These results, therefore, support the social cues theory proposition that absence of social cues in a computer-mediated communication environment increases ambiguity, hence people use their stereotypes to form preconceptions about personality traits. The findings are in agreement with the arguments by Epley and Krugler (2005) that absence of nonverbal cues hinders people from discerning another person’s characters. Conclusion The data from group C, the control, rated the targets as introverts. Given that this data falls between the data for groups A and B, then group C suggests that the profile was successful in measuring the objectives of the study. It can, therefore, be concluded that the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues in computer-mediated communication can influence the impressions about the personality traits of a person. The impressions formed depend on the communication style. References Amant, K. (2007). Linguistic and cultural online communication issues in the global age. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. DeLamater, J. D., Myers, D. J. (2007). Social psychology, 6th edn. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Epley, N., Kruger, J. (2005). What you type isn’t what they read: The perseverance of stereotypes and expectancies over email. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 414-422. Hancock, J. T., Dunham, P. J. (2001). Impression formation in computer-mediated c ommunication revisited: An analysis of the breadth and intensity of impressions. Communication Research, 28, 325-347. Holland, S. (2008). Remote relationships in a small world. New York, NY: Peter Lang. Storms, H. I., Grottum, P. P., Lycke, K. H. (2007). Content and processes in problem-based learning: A comparison of computer-mediated and face-to-face communication. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23(3), 271-282. Walther, J. B., D’Addario, K. P. (2001). The impacts of emoticons on message interpretation in computer-mediated communication. Social Science Computer Review, 19, 324-347. Walther, J. B., Deandrea, D. C., Tong, S. T. (2010). Computer-mediated communication versus vocal communication and the attenuation of pre-interaction impressions. Media Psychology, 13, 364-386.

Importance of sustained economic growth, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Importance of sustained economic growth, - Essay Example As far as South West region is concerned, the percentage share of the region in UK’s total GVA for the year 2012 has been 7.3 percent, which does not reflect a significant rise in it in comparison with the previous years’ GVA. Analysis of the Trends in GVA, GVA per Head and GVA per Head Indices for South West Region (1997 – 2012) Keeping in view the data pertaining to the gross value added by South West, there has been a sustained increase in the workplace based GVA at current basic prices on a year on year basis (See Appendix II). Similarly, this consistency has been maintained in the GVA per head also. The trends in these variables have been graphically presented as follows: For both GVA and GVA per head, there have been increasing trends noted in the time period under consideration. Particularly from 1997 to 2007, the increase in the growth for GVA has been higher and the rate of growth has declined a bit from 2007 and onwards. These trends are true for both G VA and GVA per head. ... In addition to this, the performance of the region with respect to the gross value added has been influenced by various factors which include supply chains, availability of credit, policies and regulations, etc. Sustained Economic Growth in South Western England and Future Economic Rebalancing Keeping in view the slow recovery shown by the economy in the post economic crisis period, it can be stated that there are various factors which are important for sustained growth in South Western England, while considering the future economic rebalancing. In general, it is the overall economy of the UK which influences the performance and growth for regional economies. However, as noted by the South West Observatory (2011), there are two main factors which are expected to influence sustainable growth in SW England. These factors include, â€Å"Regional Output Growth Prospects (GVA, Constant Price)† and â€Å"Regional Employment Prospects (Full Time Equivalent)† (South West Observ atory, 2011). Based on the overall macroeconomic conditions of the UK’s economy, South West Observatory (2011) has made forecasts of the economic growth in the region. Similar to the trends noted in other regions of England, the trends for Regional Output Growth and Regional Employment for SW England in 2008-2009 declined sharply, owing to the global economic downturn. However, recovery was noted in the following period, 2009-2010, which was then projected to be followed by a declining trend in the period 2010-2011. Although economic experts and forecasting agencies have argued that extreme weather conditions has stirred up the decline in economic growth indicators for UK in the post crisis period, but the tightening of fiscal