Civil War - Gettysburg :: essays research papers

For five days Jackson had looked on Washington spread before him with the Dome of the Capitol in sight from his headquarters on the Georgetown Pike near 7th Street. Lee having recovered sufficiently from his wounds had resumed command of the army but had been summoned to Richmond by President Davis following overtures from ( Vice ) President Johnson to discuss common grounds for a peaceful settlement to the War. Lincoln left the Capital for Canada, reluctantly, following pressure from Cabinet to avoid possible capture by the advancing Confederates who seemed unstoppable as the Union forces in and around Washington disintegrated into a disorderly rabble. Following his heroic retreat from Gettysburg Howard had been promoted to Lieutenant-General and assumed command of the defenses of Washington superseding Major-General S.P.Heintzelman who had very little combat experience. Howard had about 55,000 men but very little control and desertions were whittling this force away hourly. The Federal army was totally demoralized and soldiers were going home as if it was all over, sensing the end was near. Grant had, after eventually capturing Vicksburg on the 4th July been ordered to evacuate and return control to the Confederates under Pemberton. This would be accomplished by the 12th and an uneasy peace would settle across the Western theatre as Lieutenant-General ( Old Pete) Longstreet entrained to take command of all the South’s western forces. Jackson chafed... aware that the Union forces were a spent force and there for the taking, his spies reported that the defenders had shrunk to 35,000 and if they waited for another couple of weeks Washington would be a ghost town. France had broken with England and recognized the independence of the Confederacy and England was expected to follow suit very soon. In Richmond McClellan was leading the Union delegation and was pursuing a course of peace on reasonable terms. Basically, it had settled down to where the borderlines would be drawn. Davis was prepared to concede what was now West Virginia but wanted the Indian and Arizona territories. Robert E.Lee had been appointed commander of all the Confederate Forces and given a free hand in appointments and troop dispositions. Lincoln was under house arrest in Niagara, not because the British had anything against him but for his own safety as his popularity was zero and the British government didn’t want any untoward incident for which they could be blamed. Jackson had

A number of factors disqualified the ‘deserted wife’s equity’ from recognition as a property right in National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth [1965] AC 1175:

Introduction I suggest you look at the developing concepts of fairness, because this is why the MHA 1967 was developed. Proprietary Estoppel for cohabitees is becoming less prevalent due to the decisions in family home trust. Thus, fairness is at the centre of the approach, except the clear provision of a proprietary interest is necessary and not merely the provision of a roof over the other’s head. This is common to Ainsworth, proprietary estoppel and the family home constructive trust. The rationale is that it would not be fair to impose a proprietary right without a proprietary intention. The case of National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth [1965] AC 1175 holds a limited approach to understanding non-occupier’s rights in property. National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth held that the common law right for the husband to provide a roof over the head of the deserted wife was merely in personam. This means selling the property to a third party will allow the husband to avoid his obligation to his deserted wife It is important to note that it predates the Matrimonial Homes Act 1967 (MHA 1967). The MHA 1967was developed to remedy the flaw in National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth, which indicates that the legislature recognised that the existing law with respect to deserted wife’s equity and its enforceability against third parties was manifestly unfair. The law on proprietary estoppel provides that the third party find their rights will be interfered with. The elements of proprietary estoppel can result in an in personam right defeating an in rem right if the following element is fulfilled: Reasonable belief that the person will have interest in property Acts reasonably in reliance Gillet v Holt This is illustrated in a number of cases that have expressed that the main factor is that there is a clear expression of a proprietary right in the property (Thorner v Major [2009] UKHL 18). The case of Walsh v Singh [2010] 1 FLR 1658 held that conduct plus detriment is not enough is not enough to allow a claim for proprietary estoppel. In addition, the case of Negus v Bahouse [2008] 1 FCR 768 held that statement to provide a roof over the individual’s head or a determination to move in is not enough to allow a claim for proprietary estoppel. The Negus v Bahouse Case is, in part, applies the same formulaic approach, as The implication is that there has to be a clear expression of a proprietary right, in order for proprietary estoppel to be used. There are a series of cases on the constructive family home trust, which may change the goal posts on what an expression of a proprietary right when it comes to a spousal/partner interest. These cases are Oxley v Hiscock [2004] EWCA Civ 546, which identified that in family relationship there is an obligation to ensure that there is fairness in the rights of a non-property owning spouse/partner. In these cases the use of the constructive trust would be better for the family member who has relied on a property right inferred by the property owning spouse/partner ( The â€Å"deserted wife† (partner) has to show that she â€Å"has any interest in it [the property] at all† (Stack v Dowden at 56). This means the intention is imputed through the relationship (i.e. relationship plus contribution = share in the property). Thus, both proprietary estoppel and the family home constructive trust has move away from the in personam right not trumping an in rem right. However, for this to work there has to be a clear expression of a proprietary interest and not merely providing a roof over the individual’s head (Negus v Bahouse cf. National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth for similarity). The impact of the fairness rulings in Oxley v Hiscock. Stock v Dowden and Jones v Kernott may change the mere expression argument if the nature of the relationship imputes an assumption of a proprietary right. Thus, potentially the obligation to provide a roof over the head of the other party is sufficient. Additional References to Consider on top of Proprietary Estoppel: Baroness Deech, ‘Cohabitation’ [2010] Family Law 39 Fretwell, K â€Å"Fairness is what justice really is: Kernott v Jones in the Supreme Court† (2011) Family Law 41(7) Hayward, AP â€Å"Family Property and the Process of Familialization of Property Law† (2012) Child and Family Law Quarterly 24(3) McGhee, M â€Å"Shifting the Scales of Social Justice in the Cohabitation Context: The Juridical Basis for the Varying of interests in Residential Property† (2012) Oxford University Law Journal 1(19) Mee, J â€Å"Burns v Burns: The Villain of the Piece?† in Probert, R, Herring, J and Gilmore, S Landmark Cases in Family Law (Hart, 2011) Mee, J â€Å"Ambulation, Severance and the Common Intention Constructive Trust† (2012) Law Quarterly Review 128(500) Miles, J â€Å"Charman v Charman (No 4) [2007] EWCA Civ 503 – making sense of need compensation and equal sharing after Millar: MacFarlane† (2008) Child and Family Law Quarterly 20(376) Pawlowski, M â€Å"Joint ownership and the family home† (2011) Property Law Review, 1(68) Probert, R â€Å"Cohabitation: Current Legal Solutions† (2009) Current Legal Problems 62(1) Probert, R â€Å"Cohabitation in Twentieth Century England and Wales† (2004) Law and Policy 26(1) Smithdale, J â€Å"Inference, Imputation, or BothConfusion Persists over Beneficial Interests in the Family Home† (2011) CSLR 74, p 79

The Death Of Beethoven And His Music - 1349 Words

Only a few composers in the history of time have ever successfully left their mark throughout our musical world we live in today. It’s been over two hundred years since the birth of Beethoven and his music still speaks to us today as he originally expressed and composed it. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in the city of Bonn Germany on December 16th 1770 and has since been one of the most influential composers known to man. A common theme of early age learning and mastering seems to emerge in Beethoven’s life because while living in a musical family as a child, his father taught him how to play the piano, violin and in addition how to compose musical pieces since he was four years of age. A few short years later, he gave his first public piano performance at the age of seven. While Beethoven certainly gained a lot of knowledge from his peers, he also supported his family by giving music lessons and also by playing in the court orchestra. In the year 1792, Beethoven worked under an Austrian composer Franz Joseph Haydn and by the year 1800, his compositions established him as a strong Mozart successor. Nevertheless, going back to the years known as the early period (around 1800), Beethoven was still trying to master the high classical style. Up until 1813, Beethoven develops and enhances the high classical style into a more dynamic and individualistic style. As he learns to develop the music into new undiscovered grounds, he also suffers from reminders of the pains of theShow MoreRelatedLaqwandra Myers. Ludwig Van Beethoven . February 1, 2017.1066 Words   |  5 Pagesvan Beethoven February 1, 2017 Music Appreciation 101 L. Webb M/W 12:30PM-2:00PM â€Æ' When asking anyone to name a famous composer in history, a few names will always be mentioned. They are Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Sebastian Bach, Claude Debussy, and Ludwig van Beethoven, just to name a few. Every composer mentioned have become famous in their own rights, and have inspired musicians for centuries. Arguably, the most famous composer in history would be Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven has beenRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven And Western Music1262 Words   |  6 Pages Beethoven is perhaps the most famous musician of all time. Ever since his death in 1827, he has been a principal figure in the history of Western Music. His influence later on was so enormous to other composers, that it actually intimidated them. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770, to a family of musicians at the royal court of Cologne. His name descended from his grandfather, who settled in Bonn in 1732. Both his father and grandfather were professional musicians who performed at the courtRead M oreBeethoven Music in the Clockwork Orange1199 Words   |  5 PagesKris Heller 8/1/05 Music History: Beethoven An Interpretation of Beethoven s Music in the Film A Clockwork Orange A Clockwork Orange is the story of a young and disturbed man who, in order to avoid his prison sentence, subjects himself to a controversial new treatment to correct his unlawful behavior. Stanley Kubrick, the film s creator, uses Beethoven s music to penetrate the complexity of the main character s actions and emotions. Beethoven s music acts as his salvation, providingRead MoreLudwig van Beethoven Essay952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe in the classical music period. Ludwig van Beethoven was one of the composers, along with other greats of the time like Haydn and Mozart, which helped to create a new type of music. This new music had full rich sounds created by the new construction of the symphony orchestra. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in the town of Bonn, Germany on December 16 of 1770. Bonn is located in western Germany on the Rhine River. Beethoven showed an affinity for music at an early age. His father, Johann, taughtRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven : The First Four Notes1432 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven Do you think you could identify a composer’s work is the first four notes of their piece? A note sequence of short, short, short, long describes one of the most iconic classical symphonies of all time. For most people in the world this German composer has made that possible with the amount of success he achieved in his career. This composer has influenced generations of music makers and listeners from the 1800’s to today. Undoubtingly one of the most influential, well-knownRead MoreEssay on Ludwig Van Beethoven1148 Words   |  5 Pagesevents. Ludwig Van Beethoven, a German musician, is one of those very few. He was an extraordinary musician that lived through hardship and had the horrific fate of deafness, any musician’s worst nightmare. Beethoven left a wall standing in history that captured the art of sounds and worked it beyond imagination into music so fragile and pure yet onerous, unable to be matched by any succeeding composer. His determination to push music forward, go beyond the thinkable, and make it his own, has made aRead MoreThe Music That Have Changed The Face Of Music1375 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up, Beethoven was a household name. Countless studies have been released claiming classical music could increase babies’ intelligence. The importance of music is vast and affects every individual in a multitude of ways. Throughout the course of history, there have been artist that have changed the face of music as we know it. Two important composers to the course of music’s history are Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Liszt. While both composers certainly have similarities in their music, thereRead MoreThe Music Of Ludwig Van Beethoven1600 Words   |  7 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is known for much of his musical accomplishments. One of his most famous is that he is deaf and yet one of the best musical composers of the classical and romanic area. Beethoven has always been one of my personal favorite composers. Wh en I grew up and started taking piano, Beethoven s Fur Elise was my first large classical piece. Ever since that point on I insisted that when we were in Germany we see his home, and that we did. In this essay I will be explaining Ludwigs YouthRead MoreLudwig Van Beethoven, Composer Of All Time, And For Good Reason1459 Words   |  6 PagesLudwig van Beethoven is perhaps the most well known composer of all time, and for good reason. Born in the Classical era, Beethoven composed music that people could connect to and feel in a way that they had never experienced before. Beethoven was a great musical innovator as a result of his work as a composer, his assistance in the transition from the Classical era to the Romantic era of music, and his famous Ninth Symphony. Ludwig van Beethoven was born on either December 16th or 17th in the yearRead MoreThe Romantic Era Of Beethoven1709 Words   |  7 PagesBeethoven The Romantic Ludwig Beethoven grew up in an unhappy home during the late 1800s in Bonn, Germany. His alcoholic father was an angry man and Ludwig escaped his dreadful childhood in his music. At the age of twelve, Ludwig had symphonies imbedded in his mind and soul. He was a gifted composer who supported his family with his talent, he taught music and performed. Music was not enough to protect Ludwig from his abusive home life, his mother died and his father’s drinking grew worse. At

The Value of a Heritage Assessment for Health Promotion of...

The United States is a country of diversity represented by many different cultures. It has been proven that culture has a significant impact on health beliefs and behaviors (Edelman, et al, 2014), therefore it is imperative that health care providers, especially nurses, be culturally competent in their delivery of care. It is not enough to merely be aware of the prominent origins and statistics of different cultures and ethnicities, but rather it is crucial to be inquisitive and focus on the family and individual as practices differ and evolve over time. Rachel Spector developed a Heritage Assessment interview as a useful tool to aid in understanding how strongly an individual or family subscribes to specific cultural traditions and†¦show more content†¦Both her parents were born in this country and English is the primary language. Utilizing the heritage assessment tool, one can deduce that she has a relatively strong identification with traditional heritage. Although s he is not in contact with her grandparents, she has a strong base of nuclear family support and asserts that the family will always seek family guidance and support before making critical decisions, including those about health care. Her family mostly utilizes traditional Western remedies rather than natural or herbal remedies, however preventive care is not often sought until an illness or symptoms become more intense. Prayer and religious practice are very important to this family and regarded as crucial for positive health outcomes and recovery. The interviewee asserts that she and her family often seek religious counsel and active Bible reading in times of distress. In this family, traditional foods are often prepared including largely fried foods, potatoes, and minimal vegetables. This correlates with many African-American cooking traditions of overcooking greens and frying foods (Gardner, 2012). According to the interviewee, most members of this family do not actively se ek preventive care unless there is a more severe problem. This correlates with other studies regarding health behaviors of this culture. Whether it is due to mistrust or discrimination, African Americans do not always access medical care in a timely, preventive orientedShow MoreRelatedHeritage Assessment Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage Assessment Cultural heritage plays a big role in the economic, social and health promotion of the individual. The use of heritage assessment tools helps healthcare providers evaluate and look at someone’s heritage, as well as traditional health methods used to maintain health, protect health, and restore health; by applying these concepts it helps healthcare professionals deal with a person’s physical, mental, and spiritual beliefs. Different cultures have different values and beliefsRead MoreHeritage Assessment1246 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage assessment Danielle Sumner Grand Canyon University Heritage assessment Introduction The Heritage Assessment Tool can be adopted as a dependable tool to gauge, health maintenance, restoration and safeguard of personal, cultural beliefs. The adoption of health assessment tool helps meet the prerequisites of diverse patient populations to offer quality all-inclusive care. The following paper reviews the assessment of three culturally dissimilar families, and demonstrate how a nurse wouldRead MoreHeritage Assessment968 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Angel S. Winnie Grand Canyon University: NRS429V May 17, 2013 Heritage Assessment The heritage assessment tool is a checklist used by professionals to gain knowledge of patient’s culture and beliefs prior to initiating care. (Spector, 2000). There are many different cultures in this country, brining different beliefs in health, illness, recovery, death, and life. The heritage assessment tool is an important measure towards better understanding of cultural competency,Read MoreCulture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion1674 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: CULTURE AND CULTURAL COMPETENCY IN HEALTH PROMOTIO Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V Renita Holmes May 17, 2012 Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion In nursing school, nurses are trained to value and understand individuals from many different cultures, maintaining the rights and dignity of each individual. In today’s society, nurses are responsible for interacting and caring for individualsRead MoreUnderstanding and Applying the Heritage Assessment tool1563 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Heritage Assessment tool Dana Eldridge Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V November 10, 2013 Heritage Assessment Understanding and Applying the Heritage Assessment tool Nurses have to be culturally competent, they need to assess their individual values and beliefs about health and health care; otherwise, nurses might assume that all cultures share western premises and values. In order to be considerate to an individual, nurses must remember that beliefs and values influenceRead MoreHeritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of Different Cultures and Individual Views of Health1326 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: HERITAGE ASSESSMENT TOOL: EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT Heritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of Different Cultures and Individual Views of Health Micaela Simon Grand Canyon University Family-Centered Health Promotion 429V Melanie Escobar RN MSN August 31, 2012 Heritage Assessment Tool: Evaluation of different Cultures and Individual Views of Health The Heritage Assessment Tool can be used as as a reliable tool to assess, health maintenance, protection and restoration of individualRead MoreEssay about Heritage Assessment981 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Introduction Over the past 20 years a significant social movement in America has amplified public awareness toward the promotion of health and disease prevention, known as Healthy People 2000 and 2010. It has been beneficial in changing the focus of health care from a reactive standpoint to a proactive one, which endorses national health and prevention of disease (Edelmam Mandle, 2010). However delivery of health care objectives is not enough. Health providers must recognizeRead MoreThe Heritage Assessment Tool: a Cultural View of the Patient1121 Words   |  5 PagesTHE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT TOOL: A CULTURAL VIEW OF THE PATIENT The Heritage Assessment Tool: A Cultural View of the Patient Grand Canyon University: 439v March 11, 2012 The Heritage Assessment Tool: A Cultural View of the Patient The Heritage Assessment Tool is a series of 29 questions designed to determine a patient’s ethnic, cultural, and religious background. The tool gives nurses an understanding of the patient’s traditional health and illness beliefs andRead MoreEssay about Heritage Assessment1623 Words   |  7 Pagesgeographical boundaries. Every culture has values and beliefs which reflects cultural and social influences, relationships, and personal needs in an individual. Health cultural values â€Å"shape human behaviors and determine what individuals will do to maintain their health status, how they will care for themselves, and others who become ill, and where and from whom they will seek health care† (Edelman Mandle, 2010). Transcultural nursing is a practice to transform health care and help people of diverse culturesRead MoreCommon Health Traditions Based On Cultural Heritage1137 Words   |  5 Pages Common Health Traditions Based on Cultural Heritage Grand Canyon University Maylen Rodriguez NRS-429V-0104 Family Center Health Promotion September 21, 2014 Common Health Traditions Based on Cultural Heritage In order to understand heritage and apply the Heritage Assessment Tool, one most know. What is heritage? According to the UMASS Amherst Center for Heritage Society â€Å"Heritage is the full range of our inherited traditions, monuments, objects, and culture

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Equity Finance Essay

Equity finance Advantages and disadvantages of equity finance Equity finance can sometimes be more appropriate than other sources of finance, eg bank loans, but it can place different demands on the Company and its business.. The main advantages of equity finance are: 1. The funding is committed to our business and our intended projects. Investors only realise their investment if the business is doing well, eg through stock market flotation or a sale to new investors. 2. We will not have to keep up with costs of servicing bank loans or debt finance, allowing us to use the capital for business activities. 3. Outside investors expect the business to deliver value, helping us explore and execute growth ideas. 4. The right selection additional investors in India can bring valuable skills, contacts and experience to our business. They can also assist with strategy and key decision making. 5. In common with us, investors have a vested interest in the business success, ie its growth, profitability and increase in value. 6. Investors are often prepared to provide follow-up funding as the business grows. The principal disadvantages of equity finance are: 1. Raising equity finance is demanding, costly and time consuming, and may take management focus away from the core business activities. 2. Potential investors will seek comprehensive background information on the Company and our business. They will look carefully at past results and forecasts and will probe the management team.Show MoreRelatedDifferent Opportunities For Sourcing Capital For The New Venture / Benefits And Dis Benefits Of Each Funding Source Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pagesin exploring these options. Generally, foreign investors raise fund for their direct investment or acquisition in India from sources outside India, and then inject the funds into India as: †¢ Equity financing †¢ Debt financing †¢ Mixed financing (A combination of Equity and Debt financings) Equity financing: Equity financing from overseas investors is one way of raising funds for Indian subsidiaries. Usually, a Foreign Invested Enterprise (FIE) will convert the injected capital into INR (Indian Rupee)Read MoreSources of Finance972 Words   |  4 PagesSources of finance What are the main sources and finance for UK firms and why? All firms need some kind of financing. Access to finance may differ considerably from firm to firm depending on what type of business they are and how big/known they are; Sole Trader, Public Limited or Private Limited Company. There are both INTERNAL and EXTERNAL sources of finance. Finance can be short, medium or long term. Internal sources of Finance: 2 main types 1) Funds from the owner(s) and the familyRead Moresources of finance1286 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Sources of finance Some sources of finance are short term and must be paid back within a year. Other sources of finance are long term and can be paid back over many years. Internal sources of finance are funds found inside the business. For example, profits can be kept back to finance expansion. Alternatively the business can sell assets that are no longer really needed to free up cash. External sources of finance are found outside the business. For example from creditors or banks. InternalRead MoreManaging Financial Resources and Decisions1280 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment Brief Unit 2 Managing Financial Resources and Decisions P.1. Identify short term, medium term and long term sources of finance available to Blue Orange Solutions. Long Term âÅ"“ Loans âÅ"“ Debentures âÅ"“ Bank loans (mortgage) âÅ"“ Merchant or Investment Banks Short / Medium Term âÅ"“ Bank loans âÅ"“ Overdraft facilities âÅ"“ Trade credit âÅ"“ Leasing 1. Business Angels Read MoreBusiness Financing And The Capital Structure879 Words   |  4 Pagesand the capital Structure Every business organization strives at expanding. However, expansion requires financial resources. There are two forms of financial resources namely debt and equity. What type of advice would a financial advisor by able to provide to their client. Discuss the advantages and disadvantage of each type of capital raising technique. What information could you provide your client on choosing an investment banker? What are the historical relationships between risk and rewardRead MoreBusinesses keep a close eye on the money they make and the bills they owe. Anything that is not paid immediately is financed. Critically discuss the d1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Finance of a business means that the business raises funds to run its activities. It is an essential part of running a business because without business finance, the business will not be able to develop, grow and even start. In addition, business finance keeps cash flowing. Businesses usually raise funds from the shareholders, long-term and short-term sources. There are risks on every decisions that investors make to finance a business as no one knows how will it goes in the futureRead MoreProject Finance1543 Words   |  7 Pages1. How should PDVSA finance the development of the Orinoco Basin? Can you define project finance? Is Petrozuata a project? What are the costs and benefits of using project finance instead of the traditional (debt) finance – as Mr. Bustillos said, PDVSA could have finance the debt internally (p.7 of the case)? Project finance is a kind of Financing that has a priority does not depend on the creditworthiness of the sponsors proposing the business idea to launch the project. Approval does not evenRead MoreTui Mod 4 Case937 Words   |  4 Pages1) Based on the readings of the Module, and upon reviewing total debt/equity ratios, company betas, profitability ratios, company revenue, assets, and liabilities, and the nature of the operations of the companies including the nature of their customers and products, what would you recommend should the capital structure (total liabilities or debt and equity proportions) be for each of the three companies? I don’t know how to even answer this question and it makes me frustrated. 2) In your reportRead MoreObtaining Capital For Expansion Into New Markets904 Words   |  4 Pagescompany chooses to obtain these funds depends upon the short-term versus long-term financing strategies of the company. As a finance manager for a Fortune 500 company, the plan is to borrow approximately $100 million within the next year, and the manager must present to the board the best option for this large financing. By evaluating the different types of funding options, the finance manager can make the best informed decision for this capital funding. It is ideal for a company to maximize the totalRead MoreAngie Watts 1 Essay examples1258 Words   |  6 Pagesis the cost of new equity for the firm? What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this type of financing for the firm? Cash Flow D= expected dividend per share P= current market price of share += expected growth rate in dividend (2.50*1.06)/ (50*90%) +.06= 11.89% Advantages Equity Financing: Debt financing

Effective Business Communication Cultures

Question: Discuss about the Effective Business Communication Cultures. Answer: Introduction: In the cotemporary world of rising globalization, the business organizations have been experiencing an immense issue to communicate with the people from different cultures. As the culture is a major conditioner of the human perspectives, any individual from different culture inherits different ways of interpretation, hearing, seeing as well as thinking. In addition to that, there are numbers of different languages, which poses greater problem for mutual communication between two individuals from different culture. The communication model play a significant role in resolving these issues rose from cultural differences. Lewis Model has been highly popular in maintaining organizational stability and growth in multicultural context. The current report will reveal the role of Lewis model in resolving communication issues from cultural differences. Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication: The extensive study on the cultural problem with regards to communication has revealed that there are three major constraints, which interfere with effective cross-cultural understanding. These constraints are cognitive constraints, behaviour constraints as well as emotional constraints (Kinloch Metge, 2014). The cognitive constraints refer to the framework, every culture provides, by which an individual discern every information of the real world. For example, low voice can be interpreted as weakness in various cultures, whereas in other culture it can be interpreted as politeness (Ulijn, 2017). At the same time, behaviour constraints refer to the rules of standard behaviour set by different culture (Bochner, 2013). For instance, the hugging can be considered as camaraderie in one culture, while in others it can be considered as violation of personal space. On the other hand, the emotional constraints are known by different levels of emotional display in different culture. Some cul tures express greater level of emotion while debating an issue, while other try to exhibit rational aspects of the situation. All of these constraints immensely hinder the effective communication by creating a number of interferences (Asante, Miike Yin, 2013). One of the most important barriers noted in the communication is language barriers. The practice of different language in different culture creates greater chance of misunderstanding at the time of communication. Sometimes, certain culture holds assumptions regarding any particular trait of other cultures. These stereotypes often noted as being hostile, and creates multitude of problems during the communication (Adler Graham, 2017). The practice of different belief system also creates unnecessary image of others. Lewis Model: British linguist Richard Lewis has been able to plot the world cultures on a chart. The scholars of the cultural study believe that the model of Lewis has been quite effective to identify the distinct traits of various cultures (Rice Nguyen, 2015). The Lewis model plots the countries on three categories, which are linear active, multi-active as well as reactive. The traits of these categories are described below: Linear active: This category signifies the people who pursue action chain, organize, schedule and plan. The group includes German and Swiss. Multi-active: This particular category reveals the lively, loquacious people, which include Arabs, Latin Americans as well as Italians. Figure 1: Lewis Model of Culture (Source: Ronen Shenkar, 2013) Reactive: This category involves the people who emphasize on the courtesy and respect. This group includes Finns, Japanese as well as Chinese. The behaviours of these categories are mentioned in the following table. Linear-Active Multi-Active Reactive Talks very limited time Talks maximum time Listen maximum time Performs one task at a time Performs several tasks at a time Depends on the action of the Partners Focus on strict planning Focus on brief outline Emphasize on principles Direct but polite Emotional Polite and indirect Role of Lewis model in resolving communication issues: According to Lewis, an individual can calculate and foresee the possible reaction of others by focusing on their cultural roots of national behaviour (Stahl Tung, 2015). The cultural roots would be also effective for making any assumption with regards to their possible approach in any situation. The implementation of the Lewis model immensely improves the accuracy of management in the global world (Ferraro Brody, 2015). It has been identified that every cross cultural communication needs a certain degree of knowledge about the partners cultures. It has been observed that most of the time, misunderstanding occurs due to misunderstanding of different cultural traits. The Lewis model effectively provides a greater opportunity to understand the traits in different culture. The model provides a greater insight to the organization in the context of making any move in different cultural environment. The organization can evaluate the moves in the light of Lewis model (Edwards, Davey Armst rong, 2013). This way they would be able to assume the reaction of general populace. The business communication is also greatly supported by this model. The organization attains a proper understanding of the customer base and plans their business approach with greater success. In addition to that, Lewis Model is also quite effective in the context of negotiation. The management would be able to plan their way out quite efficiently as they would be successfully assume the opponents approach. In other words, the Lewis Model has the capability to enhance the cross cultural communication, whether it is one to one interactive communication or the business communication with target audiences. Conclusion: The above-described report has successfully disclosed the cross-cultural issues in the context of communication. It has been identified that there are three major constraints, which interfere with effective cross-cultural understanding. These constraints are cognitive constraints, behaviour constraints as well as emotional constraints. The report has been also able to describe the Lewis model which would be most effective for cross cultural communication. The Lewis model plots the countries on three categories, which are linear active, multi-active as well as reactive. The report has been successful to depict the traits of individual category. The report also discussed the role of Lewis model in cross cultural communication. References: Adler, N. J., Graham, J. L. (2017). Cross-cultural Interaction: The International Comparison Fallacy?. In Language in International Business (pp. 33-58). Springer International Publishing. Asante, M. K., Miike, Y., Yin, J. (2013). The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. Bochner, S. (Ed.). (2013). Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction (Vol. 1). Elsevier. Edwards, J. R., Davey, J., Armstrong, K. (2013). Returning to the roots of culture: A review and re-conceptualisation of safety culture. Safety science, 55, 70-80. Ferraro, G., Brody, E. K. (2015). Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Kinloch, P., Metge, J. (2014). Talking past each other: Problems of cross cultural communication. Victoria University Press. Rice, W. S., Nguyen, H. B. (2015). Linguistic politeness: the backbone of cross-cultural communication within a second language environment. Ronen, S., Shenkar, O. (2013). Mapping world cultures: Cluster formation, sources and implications. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(9), 867-897. Stahl, G. K., Tung, R. L. (2015). Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(4), 391-414. Ulijn, J. M. (2017). The Anglo-Germanic and Latin concepts of politeness and time in cross-atlantic business communication: from cultural misunderstanding to management success. HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 8(15), 53-79.

Strength of Popular Holdings Berhad free essay sample

For Popular Holdings Berhad, as the one of the biggest book store and provider in Malaysia, they basically need to exercise the SWOT analysis in order to stay strong in the market with nowadays there are a lot of book stores all around the country. Strength The strength for Popular holdings Berhad are the core values of the company which is the people, objectivity of the company, the product, unity created in the organization, the leadership style used, and the reward amp; recognition won. According to the first core value of Popular, people are their customers, they are their greatest asset. This is because, Popular bookstore is functioning as provider and supplier of books to the people. According in their website, people are their customers, the reason of their existence. People are their employees, their greatest asset. Without the people needs and interest, their business will never gain any profit. We will write a custom essay sample on Strength of Popular Holdings Berhad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides that, the second core value of Popular is their objective of work. They implement the approach that work positively through pro-active participation and open communication. The employees were given the opportunities to get involved in the decision making and problem solving. The third core value of Popular Holdings Berhad is provides their customers quality product at a reasonable price. With this, Popular can persuade a lot of customers especially students and as the result they can create loyal customers. The fourth value says that Popular respect their people and promote teamwork. Unity is the most important value in all organization because with it all work and goals can be achieved successfully. Leading with commitment, integrity and competence is the fifth core value of Popular. The six values will be striving for excellence, fostering a quality culture in our company. Lastly Popular encourage, recognize and reward their